Vol. 16, issue 04, article # 14

pdf Gerasimov V. A., Pavlinskii A. V. On the mechanism of formation of the population inversion in pulsed rare-earth lasers. // Atmospheric and oceanic optics. 2003. V. 16. No. 04. P. 352-353.
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Abstract:

The processes of populating the upper non-resonant laser levels were studied experimentally. It was shown that such levels are populated through collisional transfer of excitation. Both thulium and helium atoms can be collisional partners in excitation transfer.