Abstract:
The results of a joint study of spatial heterogeneity and accuracy of retrieving temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer over Moscow are analyzed. Measurements at three sites allowed estimating the spatial variability of thermal stratification in the megalopolis. The impact of local features of the observation sites on the retrieval error at all altitudes is shown. To reduce this impact, the retrieving of temperature lapse rate is suggested. Comparison of temperature gradients showed a decrease in the effect of local features in the range from 100 to 300 meters. The reference mesh based on the statistical variability analysis of the vertical temperature gradients is proposed.
Keywords:
temperature, boundary layer, remote sensing, megalopolis, variability
References:
- Emeis S. Surface-based remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer // Springer Science & Business Media. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library. 2010. V. 40. 174 p.
- Wilczak J.M., Gossard E.E., Neff W.D., Eberhard W.L. Ground-based remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer: 25 years of progress // Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 25th Anniversary Vol., 1970–1995. Springer Netherlands, 1996. P. 321–349.
- Dabberdt W.F., Frederick G.L., Hardesty R.M., Lee W.C., Underwood K. Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency // Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2004. V. 87, N 1–3. P. 57–88.
- NPO «ATTEX». http://attex.net/
- Kadygrov E.H., Kuznecova I.H., Golicyn G.S. Ostrov tepla v pogranichnom sloe atmosfery nad bol'shim gorodom: novye rezul'taty na osnove distancionnyh dannyh // Dokl. RAN. 2002. V. 385, N 4. P. 541–548.
- Khaikine М.N., Kuznetsova I.N., Kadygrov E.N., Miller Е.А. Investigation of temporal-spatial parameters of an urban heat island on the basis of passive microwave remote sensing // Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2006. V. 84, N 1–3. P. 161–169.
- Miller E.A., Vorob'eva E.A., Kadygrov E.H. Analiz mezhsezonnyh i mezhgodovyh osobennostej temperaturnoj stratifikacii gorodskogo ostrova tepla // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2009. V. 22, N 6. P. 558–561.
- Gorchakov G.I., Kadygrov E.N., Kunicyn V.E., Zaharov V.I., Semutnikova E.G., Karpov A.V., Kurbatov G.A., Sitanskij S.I. Moskovskij ostrov tepla v blokirujushhem anticiklone letom 2010 year. // Dokl. RAN. 2014. V. 456, N 5. P. 591–595.
- Schönwald В. Determination of vertical temperature profiles for the atmospheric boundary layer by ground-based microwave radiometry // Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. 1978. V. 15, N 4. P. 453–464.
- Gajkovich K.P., Kadygrov E.H., Kosov A.S., Troickij A.V. Termicheskoe zondirovanie pogranichnogo sloja atmosfery v centre linij pogloshhenija kisloroda // Izv. vuzov. Radiofiz. 1992. Т. 35, № 2. С. 130–136.
- Troickij A.V. SVCh-radiometrija zemnoj atmosfery. Dis. … d-ra teh. nauk po spec. 01.04.03. N. Novgorod, 1994. 193 p.
- Naumov A.P., Osharina N.N., Troickij A.V. Nazemnoe termicheskoe zondirovanie atmosfery v mikrovolnovom diapazone // Izv. vuzov. Radiofiz. 1999. V. 42, N 1. P. 45–59.
- Westwater Е.R., Crewell S., Matzler С. Surface-based microwave and millimeter wave radiometric remote sensing of the troposphere: A tutorial // IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Soc. Newsletter. 2005. V. 134. P. 16–33.
- Kadygrov E.N., Pick D.R. The potential for temperature retrieval from an angular-scanning single-channel microwave radiometer and some comparisons with in situ observations // Meteorol. Appl. 1998. V. 5. P. 393–404.
- Vjazankin A.S., Kadygrov E.H., Mazurin H.F., Troickij A.V., Shur G.H. Sravnenie dannyh mikrovolnovogo radiometra i vysotnoj meteorologicheskoj machty pri izmerenijah profilja temperatury i struktury ee neodnorodnostej // Meteorol. i gidrol. 2001. N 3. P. 34–45.
- Crewell S., Lohnert U. Accuracy of boundary layer temperature profiles retrieved with multifrequency multiangle microwave radiometry // IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 2007. V. 45, N 7. P. 2195–2201.
- Jushkov V. Chto mozhet izmerjat' temperaturnyj profilemer? // Meteorol. i gidrol. 2014. N 12. P. 76–88.
- Kadygrov Е., Khaikin М., Miller Е., Shaposhnikov A., Troitsky А.V. Advanced atmospheric boundary-layer temperature profiling with mtp-5he microwave system. // Proc. WMO technical conference on instruments and methods of observation, 4–7 May, 2005, Bucharest, Romania (TECO-2005). URL: https://www.wmo.int/ pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-82-TECO_ 2005/Posters/P3(27)_Russia%202_Kadygrov.pdf
- Kuznecova I.N., Kadygrov E.N., Miller E.A., Nahaev M.I. Harakteristiki temperatury v nizhnem 600-metrovom sloe po dannym distancionnyh izmerenij priborami MTP-5 // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2012. V. 24, N 7. P. 582–588.
- Jushkov V.P., Kallistratova M.A., Kuznecov R.D., Kurbatov G.A., Kramar V.F. Opyt ispol'zovanija doplerovskogo akusticheskogo lokatora dlja izmerenija profilja skorosti vetra v gorodskih uslovijah // Izv. RAN. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 2007. V. 43, N 2. P. 193–205.
- Kallistratova M.A., Petenko I.V., Shurygin E.A. Sodarnye issledovanija polja skorosti vetra v nizhnej troposfere // Izv. AN SSSR. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 1987. V. 23, N 5. P. 451–461.
- Monin A.S., Obuhov A.M. Osnovnye zakonomernosti turbulentnogo peremeshivanija v prizemnom sloe atmosfery // Tr. geofiz. in-ta SSSR. 1954. V. 24, N 151. P. 163–187.
- Bendat Dzh., Pirsol A. Izmerenie i analiz sluchajnyh processov. M.: Mir, 1971. 408 p.
- Akasaka I., Ando H., Yokoyama H., Okubo S., Takahashi K., Izumi T., Mikami T. High-spatial density meteorological observation system in Tokyo // J. Geogr. (Chigaku Zasshi). 2011. V. 120. P. 309–316.
- Troitsky A.V., Gajkovich K.P., Gromov V.D., Kadygrov E.N., Kosov A.S. Thermal sounding of the atmospheric boundary layer in the oxygen absorption band center at 60 GHz // IЕЕЕ Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1993. V. 31, N 1. P. 116–120.
- Kuznecova I.N., Nahaev M.I. Sezonnye osobennosti termicheskoj struktury nizhnih sloev atmosfery v Moskovskom megapolise po dannym mikrovolnovyh izmerenij temperatury // 80 let Gidrometcentru Rossii. M.: TRIADA LTD, 2010. P. 389–400.
- Ваlslеу В.В., Frehlich R.G., Jensen M.L., Meillier Y., Muschinski A. Extreme gradients in the nocturnal boundary layer: Structure, evolution, and potential causes // J. Atmos. Sci. 2003. V. 60, N 20. P. 2496–2508.
- Banta R.M., Mahrt L., Vickers D., Sun J., Balsley B.B., Pichugina Y.L., Williams E.J. The very stable boundary layer on nights with weak low-level jets // J. Atmos. Sci. 2007. V. 64, N 9. P. 3068–3090.
- Folomeev V.V., Kadygrov E.N., Miller E.A., Nekrasov V.V., Shaposhnikov A.N., Troisky A.V. Advanced Microwave System for Measurement of ABL Thermal Stratification in Polar Region // Proc. WMO Techn. Conf. on Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observations. Helsinki, Finland. 2010. URL: https:// www.wmo. int / pages / prog / www / IMOP / publications/IOM-104_ TECO-2010/P2_6_Folomeev_Russian Federeation.pdf
- Kadygrov E.N. Passivnaja radiolokacija termicheskoj struktury atmosfernogo pogranichnogo sloja. Dis. … d-ra tehn. nauk po spec. 05.12.14. M., 2010. 287 p.
- Оkе Т.R. The urban energy balance // Progr. Phys. Geogr. 1988. V. 12, N 4. P. 471–508.
- Arnfield A.J. Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island // Int. J. Climatol. 2003. V. 23, N 1. P. 1–26.
- Mirzaei P.A., Haghighat F. Approaches to study urban heat island-abilities and limitations // Build. Environ. 2010. V. 45, N 10. P. 2192–2201.
- Fukui Y. A study on surface temperature patterns in the Tokyo Metropolitan area using ASTER data // Geosci. J. 2003. V. 7, N 4. P. 343–346.
- Rotach M.W., Vogt R., Bernhofer C., Batchvarova E., Christen A., Clappier A., Feddersen B., Gryning S.-E., Martucci G., Mayer H., Mitev V., Oke T.R., Parlow E., Richner H., Roth M., Roulet Y.-A., Ruffieux D., Salmond J.A., Schatzmann M., Voogt J.A. BUBBLE – an urban boundary layer meteorology project // Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2005. V. 81, N 3–4. P. 231–261.
- Yamato H., Takahashi H., Mikami T. New urban heat island monitoring system in Tokyo metropolis // Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 2009. URL: http://www.ide.titech.ac.jp/~icuc7/extended_ abstracts/pdf/375391-1-090516000046-006.pdf
- Kurbackij A.F., Kurbackaja L.I. Trehparametricheskaja model' turbulentnosti dlja atmosfernogo pogranichnogo sloja nad urbanizirovannoj poverhnost'ju // Izv. RAN. Fiz. atmosf. i okeana. 2006. V. 46, N 2. P. 476–494.