Vol. 39, issue 03, article # 2

Abstract:

The development of the world ocean shelf requires the use of a variety of underwater communication equipment. The results of simulation of the shape of electrical pulses generated by 1-ns optical pulses from a photodetector are presented. These pulses propagate through a water layer containing only nanobubble clusters. Scattering from the volume behind the emitter was also taken into account. Attenuation was calculated using Bouguer's law. Cluster scattering efficiency factors were estimated using Mie theory for submicron particles with a refractive index lower than that of water. It was found that the broadening of a 1-ns pulse caused by scattering only by bubstons taking into account the volume behind the emitter does not exceed 0.1 ns at a distance of 20 m. It is shown that nanobubble clusters in transparent water limit the length of underwater optical wireless communication lines by attenuating the radiation. The results can be used in the development of devices for underwater wireless optical communication.

Keywords:

underwater communication, bubston cluster, scattering, propagation time, attenuation, dispersion

References:

1. Cochenour B., Mullen L., Laux A., Curran T. Effects of multiple scattering on the implementation of an underwater wireless optical communications link // Oceans. 2006. P. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.2006.306863.
2. Sun X., Kang C.H., Kong M., Alkhazragi O., Guo Y., Ouhssain M., Ooi B.S. A review on practical considerations and solutions in underwater wireless optical communication // J. Lightwave Technol. 2020. V. 38, N 2. P. 421–431. DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2960131.
3. Mohsan S.A.H., Hasan Md.M., Mazinani A., Sadiq M.A., Akhtar M.H., Islam A., Rokia L.S. A systematic review on practical considerations, recent advances and research challenges in underwater optical wireless communication // Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 2020. V. 11, N 7. DOI: 10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0110722.
4. Kaushal H., Kaddoum G. Underwater optical wireless communication // IEEE Access. 2016. V. 4. P. 1518–1547. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2552538.
5. Agarwal K., Trivedi M., Nirmalkar N. Bulk nanobubbles in aqueous salt solution // Materials Today: Proc. 2002. V. 57. P. 1789–1792. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.477.
6. Bunkin N.F., Shkirin A.V., Babenko V.A., Sychev A.A., Lomkova A.K., Yurchenko S.O., Kryuchkov N.P., Kozlov V.A., Molchanov I.I., Min' Tuan Vu, Bashkin S.V., Aliev I.N. Ionno-spetsificheskie i temperaturnye effekty pri stabilizatsii babstonnoi fazy v ob"eme vodnykh rastvorov elektrolitov // Tr. In-ta obshchei fiziki im. A.M. Prokhorova. 2017. V. 73. P. 51–74.
7. Bunkin N.F., Shkirin A.V. Issledovanie babstonno-klasternoi struktury vody i vodnykh rastvorov elektrolitov metodami lazernoi diagnostiki // Tr. In-ta obshchei fiziki im. A.M. Prokhorova. 2013. V. 69. P. 3–57.
8. Jin J., Feng Z., Yang F., Gu N. Bulk Nanobubbles fabricated by repeatedly compression of microbubbles // Langmuir. 2019. V. 35. P. 4238–4245. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04314.
9. Kovalenko V.F., Shutov S.V., Bordyuk A.Yu. Vliyanie ionov i rastvorennogo gaza na rasseyanie lazernogo izlucheniya vodoi // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2010. V. 23, N 2. P. 92–96; Kovalenko V.F., Shutov S.V., Bordyuk A.Yu. The influence of ions and dissolved gases on laser radiation scattering by water // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2010. V. 23, N 4. P. 247–251.
10. Jaruwatanadilok S. Underwater wireless optical communication channel modeling and performance evaluation using vector radiative transfer theory // IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 2008. V. 26, N 9. P. 1620–1627. DOI: 10.1109/jsac.2008.081202.
11. Boluda-Ruiz R., Rico-Pinazo P., Castillo-Vázquez B., García-Zambrana A., Qaraqe K. Impulse response modeling of underwater optical scattering channels for wireless communication // IEEE Photon. J. 2020. V. 12, N 4. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2020.3012302.
12. Singh M., Singh M.L., Singh G., Gill H.S. Statistical channel model for underwater wireless optical communication system under a wide range of air bubble populations // Opt. Engin. 2021. V. 60, N 3. P. 036111. DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.60.3.036111.
13. Sahu S.K., Shanmugam P. A theoretical study on impact of particle scattering on the channel characteristics of underwater optical communication system // Opt. Commun. 2018. V. 408. P. 3–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.06.030.
14. Ali M.F., Jayakody D.N.K., Li Y. Recent trends in Underwater Visible Light Communication (UVLC) systems // IEEE Access. 2022. V. 10. P. 22169–22225. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3150093.
15. Shlomi Arnon, Kedar D. Non-line-of-sight underwater optical wireless communication network // J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 2009. V. 26, N 3. P. 530–539. DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.000530.
16. Kong M.W., Yuan H.X., Wang M.Q., Pan Y.-Y., Zhou H., Yang Q.-H. Research progress of non-line-of-sight underwater wireless optical communication technology // Stud. Opt. Commun. 2023. V. 4. P. 7–10. DOI: 10.13756/j.gtxyj.2023.04.002.
17. Son H.-J., Kang J.-I., Nhat T.Q.M., Kim S.K., Choi H.-S. Study on underwater optical communication system for video transmission // J. Ocean Engin. Technol. 2018. V. 32, N 2. P. 143–150. DOI: 10.26748/KSOE.2018.4. 32.2.143.
18. Myshkin V.F., Khan V.A., Balandin S.F., Wang C., Sosnovsky S.A. Vliyanie klasterov nanopuzyr'kov vozdukha na rasprostranenie opticheskikh impul'sov v vode // Optika atmosf. i okeana. 2025. V. 38, N 3. P. 165–171. DOI: 10.15372/AOO20250301; Myshkin V.F., Khan V.A., Balandin S.F., Wang C., Sosnovsky S.A. Effect of air nanobubble clusters on optical pulse propagation in water // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2025. V. 38, N 4. P. 379–385.
19. Suleman M. Ali Shaban, Fathi Mohmed Omer Amer, Giuma Saleh Isa Abudagel. Line-of-sight underwater wireless communication system // Sci. Res. J. 2020. V. 8, N 7. P. 12–30. DOI: 10.31364/SCIRJ/v8.i7.2020.P0720XX.
20. Zhang X., Stavn R.H., Falster A.U., Rick J.J., Gray D., Gould R.W.Jr. Size distributions of coastal ocean suspended particulate inorganic matter: Amorphous silica and clay minerals and their dynamics // Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 2017. V. 189. P. 243–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.03.025.
21. Etchepare R., Oliveira H., Nicknig M., Azevedo A., Rubio J. Nanobubbles: Generation using a multiphase pump, properties and features in flotation // Minerals Engin. 2017. V. 112. P. 19–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2017.06.020.
22. Oh S.H., Kim J.-M. Generation and stability of bulk nanobubbles // Langmuir. 2017. V. 33, N 15. P. 3818–3823. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00510.