We present a review of the approaches to improving the efficiency of numerical techniques used in atmospheric optics. The methods of line-by-line (LBL) calculation of the parameters of selective absorption of optical radiation by gases and its scattering by spherical particles as well as the LBL methods for solving the transfer equation for long- and short-wave radiation in the atmosphere are considered. Numerical procedures for increasing the efficiency of these methods and corresponding computational algorithms together with assessments of the computation time are given.